Inversion
Πρόκειται για ένα συντακτικό φαινόμενο που χρησιμοποιείται για λόγους έμφασης αλλά και για να καταστήσουμε τον λόγο μας πιο ελκυστικό. Είναι σίγουρο δείκτης χρήσης formal speech.
Η αντιστροφή γίνεται ανάμεσα στο υποκείμενο και στο ρήμα της πρότασης, με τη βοήθεια βέβαια του κατάλληλου βοηθητικού ρήματος.
Example 1 : I have never seen such a beautiful rose.
Example 2 : Never have I seen such a beautiful rose.
Στο δεύτερο παράδειγμα η αντιστροφή χρησιμοποιείται για να τονίσουμε το γεγονός ότι «ποτέ δεν έχει πιο όμορφο τριαντάφυλλο».
Type 1
Στην Αγγλική υπάρχουν κάποιες αρνητικές λέξεις ή φράσεις οι οποίες αν τοποθετηθούν στην αρχή ή στο εσωτερικό (στη μέση) τότε το ρήμα παίρνει ερωτηματική μορφή. Μερικές από αυτές τις λέξεις / φράσεις είναι:
- hardly…..when
- scarcely….when
- scarcely
- only by, only then, not till, only in this way, only when
- never
- rarely
- seldom
- on no condition
- under no circumstances
- on no account
- no sooner …. than
e.g.
- I had no sooner got into bed than the telephone rang.
but
- No sooner had I got into bed than the telephone rang.
- You must not be late on any account.
- On no account must you be late.
- Rarely have I seen such chaos.
- Only then will he realise the truth.
Type 2
Εδώ, στον δεύτερο τύπο, έχουμε δύο λέξεις, τις εμφατικές so και such, οι οποίες επίσης αντιστρέφουν το ρήμα από καταφατική μορφή σε ερωτηματική πχ.
e.g.
- So surprised was he that he couldn’t say a word.
- Such was the shock that she fainted.
Type 3
Στον τρίτο τύπο συναντούμε επιρήματα κατεύθυνσης (adverbs of direction). Μερικά απ’αυτά είναι:
- in
- out
- up
- down
- round
- over
- back
- forward
- off κ.α.
αλλά μόνο όταν το υποκείμενο είναι ουσιαστικό και όχι όταν είναι αντωνυμία.
e.g.
- The tree fell down with a crash.
- Down fell the tree with a crash.
But
- Down it fell with a crash.
Type 4
Exercise:
Re-write these sentences with the words in italic at the beginning.
1. He rarely made mistakes like that.
Rarely ................................................ mistakes like that
2. They had hardly set out when they had a flat tyre.
Hardly ................................................ when they had a flat tyre.
3. Their panic was such that many were trampled underfoot in the rush to leave the
building.
Such ................................................ many were trampled underfoot in the rush to leave the building.
4. Jack realises only now how much Jane loved him.
Only now ................................................ how much Jane loved him.
5. This species of butterfly is seldom found in Britain.
Seldom ................................................ in Britain.
6. The traffic police had never seen such an unusual accident.
Never ................................................ such an unusual accident.
7. I will only agree to marry her on one condition.
Only on one condition ................................................ to marry her.
8. Mason would not betray his country under any circumstances.
Under no circumstances ................................................ his country.
9. The ski-jumper shot up into the air like a giant bird.
Up into the air ................................................ like a giant bird.
10. Jill was so happy that she started dancing round the room.
So happy ................................................ that she started dancing round the room.
11. The Spitfires had no sooner climbed into the air than they spotted the enemy
bombers approaching.
No sooner ................................................ into the air than they spotted bombers approaching.
12. The cork came out with a loud pop.
Out ................................................ with a loud pop.
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